Manaʻo pinepine ka poʻe heka kiwikāo ke kila kila a ʻaʻole e popo. Inā hana ia, he pilikia paha ia me ke kila. He kuhi hewa hoʻokahi kēia e pili ana i ka nele o ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke kila kila, hiki ke popo ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana.
Loaʻa i ke kila kila ke kū'ē i ka oxidation lewa—ʻo ia hoʻi, ke kūpaʻa i ka popo, a he hiki nō hoʻi ke pala i nā mea i loaʻa nā waikawa, alkalis, a me nā paʻakai—ʻo ia hoʻi, ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka pala. Eia nō naʻe, ua loli ka nui o kona hiki ke kūʻē i ka pala me ka hoʻohuihui kemika o kona kila ponoʻī, ke kūlana o ka pale ʻana, nā kūlana o ka hoʻohana ʻana a me ke ʻano o ka pāpaho kaiapuni.
ʻO ka maʻamau, ua māhele ʻia ke kila kila i:
ʻO ka maʻamau, e like me ke ʻano o ka metallographic, ua māhele ʻia ke kila kila maʻamau i ʻekolu mau māhele: ke kila kila austenitic, ke kila kila ferritic, a me ke kila kila martensitic. Ma ke kumu o kēia mau ʻano metallographic kumu ʻekolu, no nā pono a me nā kumu kikoʻī, ua loaʻa nā kila pālua-phase, nā kila kila paʻakikī-wai a me nā kila kila kiʻekiʻe me ka ʻike hao ma lalo o 50%.
1. Ke kila kila Austenitic.
Ua hoʻomalu ʻia ka matrix e ke ʻano austenite (CY phase) o ke ʻano kristal cubic i waenakonu o ke alo, ʻaʻole magnetic, a ua hoʻoikaika nui ʻia e ka hana anu (a hiki ke alakaʻi i kekahi mau waiwai magnetic) kila kila. Ua kapa ʻia ka American Iron and Steel Institute e nā helu ma ka moʻo 200 a me 300, e like me 304.
2. Ke kila kila Ferritic.
ʻO ka matrix i hoʻomalu ʻia e ka ʻano ferrite ((kahi pae) o ke ʻano kristal cubic i kikowaena ʻia e ke kino, he magnetic a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopaʻakikī ʻia e ka mālama wela, akā hiki ke hoʻoikaika iki ʻia e ka hana anu. Ua hōʻailona ʻia ka American Iron and Steel Institute me 430 a me 446.
3. Ke kila kila Martensitic.
He ʻano martensitic ka matrix (body-centered cubic a cubic paha), magnetic, a hiki ke hoʻoponopono ʻia kona mau waiwai mechanical ma o ka mālama wela. Ua kapa ʻia ka American Iron and Steel Institute e nā helu 410, 420 a me 440. He ʻano austenite ko Martensite ma ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana, a i ka wā e hoʻomaʻalili ʻia ai i ka mahana o ka lumi ma kahi kūpono, hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ke ʻano austenite i martensite (ʻo ia hoʻi, paʻakikī).
4. Ke kila kila Austenitic-ferritic (duplex).
Loaʻa i ka matrix nā ʻano ʻelua-phase austenite a me ferrite, a ʻo ka nui o ka matrix liʻiliʻi-phase ma mua o 15%. He magnetic ia a hiki ke hoʻoikaika ʻia e ka hana anu. ʻO 329 kahi kila kila duplex maʻamau. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke kila kila austenitic, he ikaika kiʻekiʻe ke kila dual-phase, a ua hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻia ke kūʻē ʻana i ka intergranular corrosion a me ka chloride stress corrosion a me ka pitting corrosion.
5. Ke kila kila paʻakikī i ka ua.
He ʻano austenite a martensitic paha ka matrix a hiki ke hoʻopaʻakikī ʻia e ka hoʻopaʻakikī ʻana o ka precipitation. Ua hōʻailona ʻia ka American Iron and Steel Institute me kahi helu moʻo 600, e like me 630, ʻo ia hoʻi he 17-4PH.
Ma ke ʻano laulā, me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea hao, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ke kila kila austenitic i ka pala. I kahi kaiapuni emi ka pala, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke kila kila ferritic. I kahi kaiapuni pala iki, inā pono ka mea e loaʻa i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke kila kila martensitic a me ke kila kila paʻakikī.
Nā ʻano kila kila maʻamau a me nā waiwai
01 304 Kila Kinoea
ʻO ia kekahi o nā kila kila austenitic i hoʻohana nui ʻia a hoʻohana nui ʻia. He kūpono ia no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana hohonu a me nā paipu waikawa, nā ipu, nā ʻāpana kūkulu, nā kino mea hana like ʻole, a pēlā aku. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā lako a me nā ʻāpana ʻaʻole magnetic, haʻahaʻa-mahana.
02 304L kila kila
I mea e hoʻoponopono ai i ka pilikia o ke kila kila austenitic kalapona haʻahaʻa loa i hoʻomohala ʻia ma muli o ka ua ʻana o Cr23C6 e hoʻoulu ai i ka ʻano corrosion intergranular koʻikoʻi o ke kila kila 304 ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kona kūpaʻa ʻana i ka corrosion intergranular ma mua o ke kila kila 304. Koe wale nō ka ikaika haʻahaʻa iki, ua like nā waiwai ʻē aʻe me ke kila kila 321. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia no nā lako a me nā ʻāpana pale i ka corrosion ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia i ka mālama ʻana i ka hopena ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā kino mea hana like ʻole.
03 304H Kila Kinoea
ʻO ka lālā kūloko o ke kila kila 304 he hapa nui kalapona o 0.04% -0.10%, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kāna hana wela kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ke kila kila 304.
04 316 Kila Kinoea
ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka molybdenum ma ke kumu o ke kila 10Cr18Ni12 e hoʻolilo i ke kila i kūpaʻa maikaʻi i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka pala waena a me ka pitting. I loko o ka wai kai a me nā ʻano media like ʻole, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka pala ma mua o ke kila kila 304, i hoʻohana nui ʻia no nā mea pale pitting.
05 316L kila kila
He kūpaʻa maikaʻi ko ke kila kalapona haʻahaʻa loa i ka palaho intergranular sensitized a kūpono hoʻi no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana i hoʻopili ʻia a me nā lako me nā ana ʻāpana mānoanoa, e like me nā mea kūpaʻa i ka palaho i nā lako petrochemical.
06 316H Kila Kinoea
ʻO ka lālā kūloko o ke kila kila 316 he hapa nui kalapona o 0.04% -0.10%, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kāna hana wela kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ke kila kila 316.
07 317 Kila Kinoea
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka lua a me ke kūpaʻa kolo ma mua o ke kila kila 316L, ka mea i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā lako hana kūpaʻa i ka petrochemical a me ka organic acid corrosion.
08 321 Kila Kinoea
ʻO ke kila kila austenitic i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka titanium, me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka titanium e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka corrosion intergranular, a he mau waiwai mechanical maikaʻi kona, hiki ke pani ʻia e ke kila kila austenitic kalapona haʻahaʻa loa. ʻAʻole ia e ʻōlelo ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana ma waho aʻe o nā hanana kūikawā e like me ke kūpaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole ke kūpaʻa hydrogen corrosion.
09 347 Kila Kinoea
ʻO ke kila kila austenitic i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e Niobium, e hoʻohui ana i ka niobium e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka corrosion intergranular, ʻo ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka corrosion i ka waikawa, alkali, paʻakai a me nā mea corrosive ʻē aʻe e like me ke kila kila 321, hana maikaʻi ka hoʻopili ʻana, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka mea pale i ka corrosion a me ka anti-corrosion. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ke kila wela i ka mana thermal a me nā kahua petrochemical, e like me ka hana ʻana i nā ipu, nā paipu, nā mea hoʻololi wela, nā ʻauamo, nā paipu umu i nā umu ʻoihana, a me nā thermometers o ka umu umu.
10 904L kila kila
ʻO ke kila kila austenitic piha loa he ʻano kila kila austenitic super i hana ʻia e OUTOKUMPU ma Finland. , Loaʻa iā ia ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi i ka pala i nā waikawa non-oxidizing e like me ka sulfuric acid, acetic acid, formic acid a me ka phosphoric acid, a he kūpaʻa maikaʻi hoʻi i ka pala crevice a me ke kūpaʻa i ka pala stress. He kūpono ia no nā ʻano like ʻole o ka sulfuric acid ma lalo o 70°C, a he kūpaʻa maikaʻi kona i ka ʻōpala i ka waikawa acetic a me ka waikawa i hui pū ʻia o ka waikawa formic a me ka waikawa acetic i kēlā me kēia ʻano a me ka mahana ma lalo o ke kaomi maʻamau.
11 440C kila kila
ʻO ke kila kila Martensitic ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe loa ma waena o nā kila kila paʻakikī a me nā kila kila, me ka paʻakikī o HRC57. Hoʻohana nui ʻia e hana i nā nozzles, bearings,pulelehuakiwikā nā ʻiʻo,pulelehuakiwikā nā noho, nā lima lima,kiwikā nā kumu, a pēlā aku.
12 17-4PH kila kila
ʻO ke kila kila paʻakikī Martensitic precipitation me ka paʻakikī o HRC44 he ikaika kiʻekiʻe, paʻakikī a me ke kūpaʻa i ka pala a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā mahana ma luna o 300°C. Loaʻa iā ia ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi i ka pala i ka lewa a me ka waikawa a i ʻole ka paʻakai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia. ʻO kona kūpaʻa i ka pala ua like ia me ke kila kila 304 a me ke kila kila 430. Hoʻohana ʻia ia e hana i nā kahua kai, nā pahi turbine,pulelehuakiwikā (nā ʻiwi kīwila, nā noho kīwila, nā lima lima, nā koʻokoʻo kīwila) wʻaʻole.
In kiwikā ʻO ka hoʻolālā a me ke koho ʻana, nā ʻōnaehana like ʻole, nā moʻo, a me nā papa o ke kila kila e hālāwai pinepine ʻia. I ke koho ʻana, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia ka pilikia mai nā manaʻo he nui e like me ke kaʻina hana kikoʻī, ka mahana, ke kaomi, nā ʻāpana i hoʻokaumaha ʻia, ka pala, a me ke kumukūʻai.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Iulai-20-2022
