ʻIke laulā
KiwikāHe huahana koʻikoʻi ia i nā mīkini maʻamau. Hoʻokomo ʻia ia ma nā paipu a i ʻole nā mea hana like ʻole e kāohi i ke kahe o ka medium ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻāpana kahawai i loko o ka valve. ʻO kāna mau hana: hoʻohui a ʻoki paha i ka medium, pale i ke kahe ʻana o ka medium, hoʻoponopono i nā palena e like me ke kaomi a me ke kahe o ka medium, hoʻololi i ke kuhikuhi kahe o ka medium, hoʻokaʻawale i ka medium a pale paha i nā pipelines a me nā lako mai ke kaomi nui, a pēlā aku.
Nui nā ʻano huahana valve, i māhele ʻia i lokokiwikā puka, kiwikā poepoe,kiwikā nānā, kiwikā poepoe,kiwikā pepeke, valve plug, valve diaphragm, valve palekana, valve hoʻoponopono (valve control), valve throttle, valve hoʻemi kaomi a me nā pahele, etc.; Wahi a ka mea, ua māhele ʻia i loko o ke keleawe metala, hao hoʻolei, kila kalapona, kila metala, kila austenitic, kila ferritic-austenitic dual-phase, nickel-based alloy, titanium metala, plastics engineering a me nā valves ceramic, etc. Eia kekahi, aia nā valves kūikawā e like me nā valves kaomi kiʻekiʻe loa, nā valves vacuum, nā valves kikowaena mana, nā valves no nā pipelines a me nā pipelines, nā valves no ka ʻoihana nuklea, nā valves no nā moku a me nā valves cryogenic. ʻO ka laulā o nā palena valve, ka nui nominal mai DN1 (unit in mm) a i DN9750; kaomi nominal mai ka ultra-vacuum o 1× 10-10 mmHg (1mmHg = 133.322Pa) a i ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe loa o PN14600 (ʻāpana o 105 Pa); Loaʻa ka mahana hana mai ka mahana haʻahaʻa loa o -269℃i ka mahana kiʻekiʻe loa o 1200℃.
Nā huahana valve Hoʻohana nui ʻia ma nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka hoʻokele waiwai o ka ʻāina, e like me ka ʻaila, ke kinoea kūlohelohe, ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana a me ka hana ʻana o ka ʻaila a me ke kinoea a me nā ʻōnaehana halihali pipeline, nā huahana kemika, nā ʻōnaehana hana lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka meaʻai, ka hydropower, ka mana thermal a me nā ʻōnaehana hana mana nukelea; Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā ʻano valves like ʻole i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻomehana a me ka lako mana, nā ʻōnaehana hana metallurgical, nā ʻōnaehana wai no nā moku, nā kaʻa, nā mokulele a me nā mīkini haʻuki like ʻole, a me nā ʻōnaehana irrigation a me ka hoʻokahe wai no ka ʻāina mahiʻai. Eia kekahi, ma nā kahua o nā ʻenehana hou e like me ka pale kaua a me ka aerospace, hoʻohana pū ʻia nā valves like ʻole me nā waiwai kūikawā.
ʻO nā huahana valve ka hapa nui o nā huahana mīkini. Wahi a nā helu helu o nā ʻāina ʻoihana haole, ʻo ka waiwai o nā valves ma kahi o 5% o ka waiwai o ka ʻoihana mīkini holoʻokoʻa. Wahi a nā helu helu, ʻo kahi hale hana mana nukelea kuʻuna i haku ʻia me ʻelua miliona kilowatt units he 28,000 mau valves i kaʻana like ʻia, a ma kahi o 12,000 he mau valves mokupuni nukelea. Pono kahi paʻakikī petrochemical nui o kēia wā i nā haneli haneli o nā valves like ʻole, a ʻo ka hoʻopukapuka kālā ʻana i nā valves ma ke ʻano maʻamau he 8% a 10% o ka huina o ka hoʻopukapuka kālā ʻana i nā lako.
Ke kūlana maʻamau o ka ʻoihana valve ma Kina kahiko
01 Kahi i hānau ʻia ai ka ʻoihana valve o Kina: Shanghai
Ma Kina kahiko, ʻo Shanghai kahi mua i hana ai i nā kiwikā ma Kina. I ka makahiki 1902, ua hoʻomaka ka Pan Shunji Copper Workshop, aia ma ke Alanui ʻo Wuchang, ʻĀpana ʻo Hongkou, Shanghai, e hana i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o nā faucets teapot ma ka lima. ʻO ka faucet teapot kahi ʻano moa keleawe i hoʻolei ʻia. ʻO ia ka mea hana kiwikā mua loa ma Kina i ʻike ʻia a hiki i kēia manawa. I ka makahiki 1919, ua hoʻomaka ka Hale Hana Paʻa ʻo Deda (Shengji) (ka mea mua o ka Hale Hana Mīkini Hoʻoili ʻo Shanghai) mai kahi paikikala liʻiliʻi a hoʻomaka e hana i nā moa keleawe liʻiliʻi, nā kiwikā honua, nā kiwikā puka a me nā hydrants ahi. Ua hoʻomaka ka hana ʻana i nā kiwikā hao i ka makahiki 1926, me ka nui o ka nui o NPS6 (ma nā ʻīniha, NPS1 = DN25.4). I loko o kēia wā, ua wehe pū nā hale hana lako e like me Wang Yingqiang, Dahua, Lao Demao a me Maoxu e hana i nā kiwikā. Ma hope mai, ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻia o ke koi no nā kiwikā plumbing ma ka mākeke, ua wehe ʻia kahi pūʻulu ʻē aʻe o nā hale hana lako, nā hale hana hao, nā hale hana hana one (hoʻolei) a me nā hale hana mīkini e hana i nā kiwikā kekahi ma hope o kekahi.
Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi hui hana valve ma nā wahi o Zhonghongqiao, Waihongqiao, Daming Road a me Changzhi Road ma ka Apana ʻo Hongkou, Shanghai. I kēlā manawa, ʻo nā lama kūʻai maikaʻi loa ma ka mākeke kūloko ʻo "Horse Head", "Three 8", "Three 9", "Double Coin", "Iron Anchor", "Chicken Ball" a me "Eagle Ball". Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā huahana valve keleawe hoʻolei haʻahaʻa a me ka hao hoʻolei no nā valve plumbing i loko o nā hale a me nā hale hoʻomaʻemaʻe, a hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau valve hao hoʻolei liʻiliʻi i ka ʻāpana ʻoihana lole māmā. He liʻiliʻi loa kēia mau hale hana i ka nui, me ka ʻenehana hope, nā lako hana maʻalahi a me ka hana valve haʻahaʻa, akā ʻo lākou ka wahi hānau mua o ka ʻoihana valve o Kina. Ma hope mai, ma hope o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka Shanghai Construction Hardware Association, ua hui pū kēia mau mea hana valve i ka hui kekahi ma hope o kekahi a lilo i lālā o ka hui alawai.
02ʻElua mau hale hana hana valve nui
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 1930, ua hana ka Shanghai Shenhe Machinery Factory i nā kiwikā puka hao haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma lalo o NPS12 no nā hana wai. I ka makahiki 1935, ua hoʻokumu ka hale hana i kahi hui pū me Xiangfeng Iron Pipe Factory a me Xiangtai Iron Co., Ltd. nā mea kuleana e kūkulu i ka Daxin Iron Factory (ka mea mua o Shanghai Bicycle Factory), i ka makahiki 1936 i hoʻopau ʻia a hoʻokomo ʻia i ka hana, aia ma kahi o 100 mau limahana, me 2.6 zhang i lawe ʻia mai (1 zhang≈3.33m) nā mīkini hana a me nā lako hāpai, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea hana ʻoihana a me nā mea hana mining, nā paipu wai hao hao a me nā valve hao hao, ʻo ka nui o ka valve he NPS6 ~ NPS18, a hiki iā ia ke hoʻolālā a hoʻolako i nā set piha o nā valves no nā mea kanu wai, a lawe ʻia aku nā huahana i Nanjing, Hangzhou a me Beijing. Ma hope o ka noho ʻana o nā poʻe hoʻouka kaua Kepani "ʻAukake 13" iā Shanghai i ka makahiki 1937, ua luku ʻia ka hapa nui o nā mea kanu a me nā lako i loko o ka hale hana e ke ahi pū Kepani. I ka makahiki aʻe, ua hoʻonui ʻia ke kapikala a hoʻomaka hou i ka hana. NPS14 ~ NPS36 nā valves puka hao hao, akā ma muli o ka emi ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai, ka ʻoihana lohi, a me nā hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka austerity, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hoʻōla a hiki i ka pō o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o Kina Hou.
I ka makahiki 1935, ʻelima mau mea kuleana e komo pū ana me Li Chenghai, he ʻoihana aupuni, i hoʻokumu pū i ka Hale Hana Hao ʻo Shenyang Chengfa (ka mea mua o ka Hale Hana Hao ʻo Tieling) ma ke Alanui ʻo Shishiwei, ʻĀpana ʻo Nancheng, ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Shenyang. Hoʻoponopono a hana i nā kiwikā. I ka makahiki 1939, ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka hale hana i Alanui ʻo Beierma, ʻĀpana ʻo Tiexi no ka hoʻonui ʻana, a ua kūkulu ʻia ʻelua mau hale hana nui no ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a me ka mīkini. I ka makahiki 1945, ua ulu a hiki i 400 mau limahana, a ʻo kāna mau huahana nui: nā paila nui, nā kiwikā keleawe i hoʻolei ʻia, a me nā kiwikā puka hao i lalo o ka honua me ka nui ma lalo o DN800. ʻO Shenyang Chengfa Iron Factory kahi mea hana kiwikā e hakakā nei e ola ma Kina kahiko.
03ʻO ka ʻoihana valve ma ke kua
I ka wā o ke Kaua Anti-Kepanī, ua neʻe aku nā ʻoihana he nui ma Shanghai a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe i ke komohana hema, no laila ua piʻi nui ka nui o nā ʻoihana ma Chongqing a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe ma ka ʻāina hope, a ua hoʻomaka ka ʻoihana e ulu. I ka makahiki 1943, ua hoʻomaka ka Hale Hana Mīkini ʻo Chongqing Hongtai a me ka Hale Hana Mīkini ʻo Huachang (ʻo nā hale hana ʻelua nā mea mua o ka Hale Hana Valve ʻo Chongqing) e hoʻoponopono a hana i nā ʻāpana plumbing a me nā valves haʻahaʻa, kahi i hoʻokani i kahi kuleana nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hana kaua ma hope a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā valves kīwila. Ma hope o ka lanakila o ke Kaua Anti-Kepanī, ua wehe mau ʻia ka Hale Hana Lako ʻo Lisheng, Zhenxing Industrial Society, Jinshunhe Hardware Factory a me Qiyi Hardware Factory e hana i nā valves liʻiliʻi. Ma hope o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o New China, ua hui pū ʻia kēia mau hale hana i loko o ka Hale Hana Valve ʻo Chongqing.
I kēlā manawa, kekahinā mea hana kiwikāma Shanghai ua hele pū ʻo ia i Tianjin, Nanjing a me Wuxi e kūkulu i nā hale hana e hoʻoponopono a hana i nā valves. ʻO kekahi mau hale hana lako, nā hale hana paipu hao, nā hale hana mīkini a i ʻole nā hale hana moku ma Beijing, Dalian, Changchun, Harbin, Anshan, Qingdao, Wuhan, Fuzhou a me Guangzhou ua hana pū ʻia i ka hoʻoponopono a me ka hana ʻana i kekahi mau valves plumbing.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Iulai-21-2022
